§ Whitespacetop ^

For the most part Catspeak is whitespace insensitive, ignoring any of the following characters:

• Character tabulation '\t' (U+0009)

• Line feed '\n' (U+000A)

• Line tabulation '\v' (U+000B)

• Form feed '\f' (U+000C)

• Carriage return '\r' (U+000D)

• Space (U+0020)

• Next Line (U+0085)

Comments are also ignored by the Catspeak parser.

§ Commentstop ^

Comments in Catspeak are prefixed by --. This will ignore all of the characters following it until a new line is reached:

Catspeak (.meow)
Copy-- this is a Catspeak comment!

(Catspeak reserves the // syntax for integer division. See the section on Operators for more information.)

Unlike GML, the Catspeak programming language does not include multi-line comments. Use multiple comments instead:

Catspeak (.meow)
Copy-- comment
-- split
-- over multiple
-- lines
--
-- ~(￣▽￣)~*

§ Numberstop ^

Simple numbers like 123 are a sequence of ASCII digits (0‑9), optionally separated by a single decimal point 3.1415.

Catspeak also supports writing numbers in binary or hexadecimal notation, by prefixing the number literal with either 0b or 0x. For example, the binary representation of the number 10 is 0b1010, and its hexadecimal representation is 0xA. Catspeak also supports CSS-style colour literals by prefixing a number with # instead of 0x. See the Colour Codes section for more information.

Numbers may also contain underscores _ to improve readability. For example, 1_000 is the same as 1000, and 0b0111_1000 is the same as 0b01111000.

Catspeak (.meow)
Copy1_000_000   -- integer number
6.2831      -- fractional number
0b0110      -- binary number
0xDEAD_BEEF -- hexadecimal number

§ Colour Codestop ^

Just like GameMaker Language (GML) and CSS, Catspeak supports colour codes by typing a # symbol, followed by three, four, six, or eight hexadecimal digits which express the colour:

(RR is the red colour channel value, written in hexadecimal; GG is the green colour channel, BB is the blue colour channel, and AA is the (optional) alpha colour channel.)

• #RGB Three-value colour syntax: same as #RRGGBB.

• #RGBA Four-value colour syntax: same as #RRGGBBAA, includes an alpha channel.

• #RRGGBB Six-value colour syntax: creates an RGB colour from the red, green, and blue colour values.

• #RRGGBBAA Eight-value colour syntax: creates an RGBA colour with transparency from the red, green, blue, and alpha colour values.

If a colour channel is only one character wide R, then it is repeated as RR. For example, the colour #1AF is the same as the colour #11AAFF.

Catspeak (.meow)
Copy#A83256 -- represents the colour rbg(168, 50, 86)
#FAE    -- represents the colour rbg(255, 170, 238)
#FFAAEE -- ALSO represents the colour rbg(255, 170, 238)

§ Character Literalstop ^

A common pattern in GML is to use ord("A") for keyboard input, for example:

GameMaker Language (.gml)
Copyif (keyboard_check(ord("A"))) {
  do_stuff();
}

Catspeak has a special syntax for ord("A") in the form of character literals 'A'. These are a single UTF-8 encoded character surrounded by apostrophes '.

Character literals are converted into numbers by the Catspeak programming language, and as a result you can do arithmetic on them:

Catspeak (.meow)
Copy'A' + 1 == 'B' -- since 'A' == 65, 'B' == 66, and 65 + 1 == 66

This allows the previous GML code to be written as

Catspeak (.meow)
Copyif keyboard_check('A') {
  do_stuff()
}

in Catspeak.

§ Stringstop ^

There are two types of string literal in Catspeak. The most common is a sequence of characters starting and ending in double quotes ("):

Catspeak (.meow)
Copylet hi = "hello world"

This type of string allows the following escape sequences to be used:

• \" Quotation mark

• \ Escape new line

• \\ Backslash

• \t Character tabulation

• \n Line feed

• \v Line tabulation

• \f Form feed

• \r Carriage return

The other type of string is the raw string. Similarly to GML, a raw string is prefixed by the address symbol @, and does not interpret any of the previously mentioned escape sequences:

Catspeak (.meow)
Copylet hi_again = @"\hello\" -- \h and \" here are not escape sequences

All strings in Catspeak can be multi-line.

§ Identifierstop ^

Mostly used for variable names; identifiers start with either a letter (A‑Z or a‑z) or an underscore (_), followed by a sequence of other letters, numbers, or underscores.

Examples of valid identifiers are:

Catspeak (.meow)
Copybag_pipes
oneShot
__IMPALA_666__
abc123XYZ

Normal identifiers can not start with numbers, e.g. 1st is not a valid identifier. In this case, you can use raw identifiers:

Catspeak (.meow)
Copylet `1st-of-march` = "2022-03-01"

Where raw identifiers start and end with a backtick symbol (`). 1st-of-march may not be a valid identifier, but it is a valid raw identifier.

You can use any non-whitespace, non-backtick character between the backticks when writing a raw identifier.

§ Keywordstop ^

Keywords are special identifiers which are reserved for use by Catspeak, and cannot be used as variables; these are:

• true Evaluates to boolean True.

• false Evaluates to boolean False.

• undefined GameMaker undefined.

• infinity Floating-point positive infinity.

• NaN Floating-point NaN.

• and See Logical Expressions.

• or See Logical Expressions.

• xor See Logical Expressions.

• do See Block Expressions.

• catch See Catch Expressions.

• if See If Expressions.

• else See If Expressions.

• while See While Expressions.

• for Reserved in case of for loops.

• loop Reserved in case of infinite loops.

• with See With Expressions.

• match See Match Expressions.

• let See Let Statements.

• fun See Function Expressions.

• params Reserved in case of spread operator.

• break See Break Expressions.

• continue See Continue Expressions.

• return See Return Expressions.

• throw See Throw Expressions.

• new See New Expressions.

• impl Reserved in case of constructor functions.

• self See Self Expressions.

• other See Other Expressions.

If you ever need to use one of these keywords as a variable name, you should use Raw Identifiers instead.

§ Operatorstop ^

Catspeak shares many operators with GML, but there are some differences. Below is a table of all operators, organised from highest-to-lowest precedence (which operators are evaluated first when there are no parenthesis); including information about each operators associativity, usage, and syntax: